Utilization of artificial intelligence chatbots for supporting daily activity performance in individuals with borderline intellectual functioning

Borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) describes individuals whose intellectual functioning falls within a gray area, positioned between average intellectual function and intellectual disability (ID), with scores ranging between 70 and 85 on an IQ test (Alloway, 2010; Fernell & Gillberg, 2020; Ninivaggi, 2017). Twelve to 14% of the U.S. population are categorized as having BIF (Fernell & Gillberg, 2020; Ninivaggi, 2017). While individuals with BIF (IwBIF) may not exhibit noticeable differences in appearance or communication, they may experience challenges in everyday activities (Ninivaggi, 2017). In addition, IwBIF may experience less visible challenges in learning, problem-solving, memory, executive functioning, and social skills (Alloway, 2010). These challenges can affect various aspects of cognitive functioning, leading to difficulties in performing almost all occupations, including IADLs, education, work, play, leisure, and social participation (Peltopuro et al., 2014). IwBIF also experience societal and social barriers that affect participation; many IwBIF find that their behaviors and decisions are frequently misunderstood by others, leading to dangerous situations or legal troubles (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2018; Ninivaggi, 2017).